International Journal of Nutrition Sciences

International Journal of Nutrition Sciences

Dietary and Topical Antioxidants in Skin Cancer: A Narrative Review on Prevention, Treatment, and Dermatological Care in Patients and Survivors

Document Type : Review Article

Authors
Ali Sattarian 1
Minoo Akbarzadeh Morshedi 2
1 School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Science, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Ravand, Kashan, Iran
10.30476/ijns.2026.107353.1494
Abstract
Skin cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced oxidative stress playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis. Antioxidants exhibit potent free radical scavenging properties that mitigate UV-induced DNA damage and inflammatory responses. This narrative review critically examined the role of dietary
and topical antioxidants in the prevention, treatment, and dermatological care of skin cancer. Here, we conducted a comprehensive search across major medical databases for all research types. The search employed the keywords of antioxidants, oxidative stress, skin cancer, skin neoplasms and skin care. Dietary antioxidants were shown to be associated with reduced incidence and progression of various skin cancers, highlighting the importance of nutritional strategies in primary prevention. Topical antioxidants, formulated in dermatological preparations, offer localized protection by enhancing the endogenous defense mechanisms and improving repair processes of the skin post-UV exposure. In conclusion, the adjunctive use of antioxidants may improve treatment outcomes and reduce adverse effects of conventional therapies. In skin cancer survivors, sustained antioxidant therapy may contribute to improved skin health, reduced recurrence risk, and enhanced quality of life. Despite promising findings, heterogeneity in study designs and antioxidant formulations necessitates further researches to establish standardized guidelines.

Highlights

Minoo Akbarzadeh Morshedi (Google Scholar)

Keywords
Antioxidant
Oxidative stress
Skin cancer
Skin neoplasms
Cancer survivors
  1. Han HS, Seok J, Park KY. Air Pollution and Skin Diseases. Ann Dermatol. 2025;37:53-67. DOI:10.5021/ad.24.159. PMID: 40165563.
  2. Mehrabani D, Tabei SZ, Heydari ST, et al. Cancer Occurrence In Fars Province, Southern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2008;10:314-22.
  3. Li X, Yang S, Du Z, et al. Cathepsins and Skin Cancer (Malignant Melanoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma): Insight From Genetic Correlation and Mendelian Randomization. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2025;18:553-66. DOI:10.2147/CCID.S502013. PMID: 40094023
  4. Chgari O, Wahnou H, Ndayambaje M, et al. Orbea variegata (L.) Haw in skin carcinogenesis: insights from an in vivo male Swiss mouse model study. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2024;87:630-45. DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2354790. PMID: 38741420.
  5. Dolati P, Khodabandeh Z, Zamiri MJ, et al. The effect of lead acetate on tight and gap junctions and the role of antioxidants to improve the blood testis barrier. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;198:535-543. DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02079-x. PMID: 32232643.
  6. Bel’skaya LV, Dyachenko EI. Oxidative stress in breast cancer: a biochemical map of reactive oxygen species production. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46:4646-87. DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050282. PMID: 38785550.
  7. Shamsdin SA, Mehrafshan A, Rakei SM, Mehrabani Det al. Evaluation of VEGF, FGF and PDGF and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in patients with glioma and meningioma in Southern Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2019;20:2883-90. DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.2883. PMID: 31653130.
  8. Damiano OM, Stevens AJ, Kenwright DN, et al. Chronic Inflammation to Cancer: The Impact of Oxidative Stress on DNA Methylation. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2025;30:26142. DOI:10.31083/FBL26142. PMID: 40152377.
  9. Mehrabani D, Manafi N. Skin fibroblasts culture and plastic aesthetic surgery. World J Plast Surg. 2013;2:2-5. PMID: 25489497.
  10. Budzianowska A, Banaś K, Budzianowski J, et al. Antioxidants to defend healthy and youthful skin—Current trends and future directions in cosmetology. Appl Sci. 2025;15:2571. DOI: 10.3390/app15052571.
  11. Chen W, Pang L, Wei X, et al. Micronutrients and skin cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study. World J Surg Oncol. 2025;23:180. DOI:10.1186/s12957-025-03814-1. PMID: 40350422.
  12. Hedayati A, Homayuon M, Mobaracky A, et al. Lithium chloride, ketogenic diet and stem cell transplantation in treatment of bipolar disorder. Int J Nutr Sci. 2024;9:80-82. DOI: 10.30476/IJNS.2024.99601.1250.
  13. Mehrabani D, Masoumi SJ, Masoumi AS, et al. Role of diet in mesenchymal stem cells’ function: a review. Int J Nutr Sci. 2023;8:9-19. DOI:10.30476/ijns.2023.97788.1221.
  14. Zhao C, Wu S, Wang H. Medicinal Plant Extracts Targeting UV-Induced Skin Damage: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:2278. DOI:10.3390/ijms26052278. PMID: 40076896.
  15. Mortazavi SMJ, Shekoohi Shooli F, Kadivar F, et al. he Role of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells together with Vitamin C on Survival of Rats with Acute Radiation Syndrome. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2024;14:1-10. DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2310-1680. PMID: 42057983.
  16. Kavousi S, Akbarialiabad H, Mehrabani D, et al. The predictive association between radiological findings and lung cancer development in patients exposed to sulfur mustard gas: 4 decades follow up of 719 victims. BMC Pulm Med. 2022;22:481. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02282-7. PMID: 36539770.
  17. Kumar S, Subba DP, Seema, Firdous SM, Odeku OA, Kumar S, et al. Antioxidants in Skin Disorders. Antioxidants: Nature's Defense Against Disease. 2025:551-72. DOI: 10.1002/9781394270576.ch16.
  18. Zahra M, Mita SR, Khairani KC, et al. Antioxidant and Photoprotective Activity of Bromelain Cream: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Cosmetics. 2025;12:41. DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics12020041.
  19. Karampinis E, Koumaki D, Sgouros D, et al. Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Assessing the Systemic Burden of the Disease. Cancers (Basel). 2025;17:703. DOI:10.3390/cancers17040703. PMID: 40002296.
  20. Song S, Li F, Zhao B, et al. Ultraviolet Light Causes Skin Cell Senescence: From Mechanism to Prevention Principle. Adv Biol (Weinh). 2025;9:e2400090. DOI:10.1002/adbi.202400090. PMID: 39364703.
  21. Nazempour M, Mehrabani D, Mehdinavaz-Aghdam R, et al. The effect of allogenic human Wharton's jelly stem cells seeded onto acellular dermal matrix in healing of rat burn wounds. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19:995-1001. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13109. PMID: 31556227.
  22. Li B, Yang J, Wang Z, et al. Extracts of Portulaca oleracea and Patrinia scabiosaefolia relieve ultraviolet B-induced skin injury in solar dermatitis mice via inhibiting IL-17/CCL2 pathway and oxidative stress. Int J Med Sci. 2025;22:856-72. DOI:10.7150/ijms.106289. PMID: 39991764.
  23. Anari L, Mehrabani D, Nasiri M, et al. In vitro effect of methamphetamine on proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of adipose tissue stem cells. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2022;25:69-76. DOI: 10.18433/jpps31843. PMID: 35030074.
  24. Beylin D, Kornhaber R, Le Lagadec D, et al. Assessing the Health Implications of UV/LED Nail Lamp Radiation Exposure During Manicure and Pedicure Procedures: A Scoping Review. Int J Dermatol. 2025;64:659-66. DOI:10.1111/ijd.17669. PMID: 39934090.
  25. Sanchez AG, Gabrielli A, Keszenman DJ. Impact of ecological UV radiation on the photochemistry of nuclear DNA. Biophys Rev. 2025;17:537-45. DOI:10.1007/s12551-025-01275-0. PMID: 40376424.
  26. Malekzadeh S, Edalatmanesh MA, Mehrabani D, et al. Dental Pulp Stem Cells Transplantation Improves Passive Avoidance Memory and Neuroinflammation in Trimethyltin-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease Rat Model. Galen Med J. 2021;10:e2254. DOI:10.31661/gmj.v10i.2254.
  27. Sewell A, Wyrick JJ. Interplay of replication timing, DNA repair, and translesion synthesis in UV mutagenesis in yeast. Nucleus. 2025;16:2476935. DOI:10.1080/19491034.2025.2476935. PMID: 40079129.
  28. Al-Sadek T, Yusuf N. Ultraviolet Radiation Biological and Medical Implications. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46:1924-42. DOI:10.3390/cimb46030126. PMID: 38534742.
  29. Zahra KF, Lefter R, Ali A, et al. The Involvement of the Oxidative Stress Status in Cancer Pathology: A Double View on the Role of the Antioxidants. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:9965916. DOI:10.1155/2021/9965916. PMID: 34394838.
  30. Herath H, Piao MJ, Kang KA, et al. Rosmarinic Acid Protects Skin Keratinocytes from Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Apoptosis. Int J Med Sci. 2024;21:681-9. DOI:10.7150/ijms.90814. PMID: 38464827.
  31. Cao S, Lv B, Tai Y, et al. Formononetin ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting the MAPK/PPAR-γ/NF-κB/ROS signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2025;496:117239. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2025.117239. PMID: 39855309.
  32. Irani D, Mehrabani D, Karimi-Busheri F. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine, Possible Applications in The Restoration of Spermatogenesis: A Review. Cell J. 2024;26:169-184. DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2024.2015141.1442. PMID: 38628090.
  33. Jang JH, Kim DH, Chun KS. Tumor microenvironment regulation by reactive oxygen species-mediated inflammasome activation. Arch Pharm Res. 2025;48:115-31. DOI:10.1007/s12272-025-01532-6. PMID: 39888519.
  34. Kaboodkhani R, Mehrabani D, Karimi-Busheri F. Achievements and Challenges in Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Otorhinolaryngology. J Clin Med. 2021;10:2940. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132940. PMID: 34209041.
  35. Priya P, Kumar A, Ghosh AK, et al. Unveiling the effect of Inflammatory Cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in Breast Cancer prevalence and progression. Chem Biol Lett. 2025;12:1254. DOI: 10.62110/sciencein.cbl.2025.v12.1254.
  36. Hosseini-Asl SK, Mehrabani D, Karimi-Busheri F. Therapeutic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ulcerative Colitis: A Review on Achievements and Challenges. J Clin Med. 2020;9:3922. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123922. PMID: 33287220.
  37. Whitaker RH, Cook JG. Stress Relief Techniques: p38 MAPK Determines the Balance of Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Pathways. Biomolecules. 2021;11:1444. DOI:10.3390/biom11101444. PMID: 34680077.
  38. Arjsri P, Srisawad K, Umsumarng S, et al. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Effects of Morin on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis via Inhibition of NLRP3/MAPK Signaling Pathway. Biomolecules. 2025;15:103. DOI:10.3390/biom15010103. PMID: 39858497.
  39. Stefanache A, Miftode AM, Constantin M, et al. Noble Metal Complexes in Cancer Therapy: Unlocking Redox Potential for Next-Gen Treatments. Inorganics. 2025;13:64. DOI: 10.3390/inorganics13020064.
  40. Hashemi SS, Mahmoodi M, Rafati AR, et al. The role of human adult peripheral and umbilical cord blood platelet-rich plasma on proliferation and migration of human skin fibroblasts. World J Plast Surg. 2017;6:198-205. PMID: 28713711.
  41. Kvedariene V, Vaskovic M, Semyte JB. Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in the Course of Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:4210. DOI:10.3390/ijms26094210. PMID: 40362447.
  42. Bandodkar VV, Moger VS, Baliga P. Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms: Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Health and Disease: IGI Global Scientific Publishing; 2025.p.43-80.
  43. Hasanzadeh P, Bahmani M, Mehrabani D. Bacterial Resistance To Antiiotics In Acne Vulgaris: An In Vitro Study. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53:122-4. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.43213. PMID: 19882009.
  44. Jain A. Skin Diseases Mechanisms and Treatments. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Health and Disease: IGI Global Scientific Publishing; 2025.p. 377-410.
  45. Goudarzi Z, Hoseini SE, Mehrabani D, et al. Change in blood chemistry, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic genes following methamphetamine use in experimental rats. Periódico Tchê Química. 2020;17:1147-1159. DOI: 10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.1163_periodico36_pgs_1147_1159.pdf.
  46. Faraguna S, Milinkovic Tur S, Sobocanec S, et al. Assessment of Oxidative Stress and Associated Biomarkers in Wild Avian Species. Animals (Basel). 2025;15:1203. DOI:10.3390/ani15091203. PMID: 40362019.
  47. Ferrara F, Yan X, Pecorelli A, Guiotto A, Colella S, Pasqui A, et al. Combined exposure to UV and PM affect skin oxinflammatory responses and it is prevented by antioxidant mix topical application: Evidences from clinical study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23:2644-2656. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16321. PMID: 38590207.
  48. Abroudi M, Mehrabani D, Zare S, et al. In Vitro Assessment of Morphology, Proliferation, Apoptosis and Differential Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells, When Marijuana Is Added to Nutrients of Cell Culture Medium. Int J Nutr Sci. 2024;9:62-70. DOI: 10.30476/ijns.2024.101034.1288.
  49. Flieger J, Raszewska-Famielec M, Radzikowska-Buchner E, Flieger W. Skin Protection by Carotenoid Pigments. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:1431. DOI:10.3390/ijms25031431. PMID: 38338710.
  50. Tavares DQ, Santos GC, Mangussi I, et al. Xanthophylls: potential benefits in protecting against UV burns. Braz J Biol. 2025;85:e288662. DOI:10.1590/1519-6984.288662. PMID: 40105670.
  51. Zheng Y, Sun J, Luo Z, et al. Emerging mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in regulated cell death and its physiological implications. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15:859. DOI:10.1038/s41419-024-07244-x. PMID: 39587094.
  52. Reed DJ. Interaction of vitamin E, ascorbic acid, and glutathione in protection against oxidative damage. Vitamin E in health and disease: CRC Press; 2023.p.269-82.
  53. Correia G, Magina S. Efficacy of topical vitamin C in melasma and photoaging: A systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023;22:1938-45. DOI:10.1111/jocd.15748. PMID: 37128827.
  54. Segars K, McCarver V, Miller RA. Dermatologic Applications of Polypodium leucotomos: A Literature Review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2021;14:50-60. PMID: 34221229.
  55. Xia Y, Zhang H, Wu X, et al. Resveratrol activates autophagy and protects from UVA-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts and the skin of male mice by regulating the AMPK pathway. Biogerontology. 2024;25:649-64. DOI:10.1007/s10522-024-10099-6. PMID: 38592565.
  56. Zheng XQ, Zhang XH, Gao HQ, et al. Green Tea Catechins and Skin Health. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13:1506. DOI:10.3390/antiox13121506. PMID: 39765834.
  57. Lain ET, Agrawal N, Ruvolo E, et al. The Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Skin Aging and Opportunities for Topical Intervention: A Review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2024;17:50-5. PMID: 39148958.
  58. Davinelli S, Bertoglio JC, Zarrelli A, et al. A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of an Anthocyanin-Maqui Berry Extract (Delphinol(R)) on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34:28-33. DOI:10.1080/07315724.2015.1080108. PMID: 26400431.
  59. Shimizu N, Yamada W, Miyasaka K, et al. Ameliorating effects of Delphinol®, anthocyanin standardized maqui berry extract, on skin brightness and redness in Japanese females: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatolo Sci Appl. 2020;10:149-62.
  60. Kowalski S, Karska J, Tota M, et al. Natural Compounds in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Prevention and Treatment. Molecules. 2024;29:728. DOI:10.3390/molecules29030728. PMID: 38338469.
  61. McNaughton SA, Marks GC, Gaffney P, et al. Antioxidants and basal cell carcinoma of the skin: a nested case–control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:609-18. DOI: 10.1007/s10552-004-8022-1. PMID: 15986117.
  62. Ma E, Iso H, Yamagishi K, et al. Dietary Antioxidant Micronutrients and All-Cause Mortality: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk. J Epidemiol. 2018;28:388-96. DOI:10.2188/jea.JE20170023. PMID: 29806637.
  63. Ziaian B, Montazeri V, Khazaiee R, et al. Esophageal Cancer Occurrence In Southeastern Iran. J Res Med Sci. 2009;15:290-1. PMID: 21526098.
  64. Andisheh-Tadbir A, Mehrabani D, Heydari St. Epidemiology Of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Of The Oral Cavity In Iran. J Craniofacial Surg. 2008;19:1699-1702. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e31818c04cc. PMID: 19098587.
  65. Pauling L, Willoughby R, Reynolds R, et al. Incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in hairless mice irradiated with ultraviolet light in relation to intake of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and of D, L-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E). Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1982;23:53-82. PMID: 6811489.
  66. Roomi MW, Roomi NW, Kalinovsky T, et al. Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced skin tumors by a nutrient mixture. Med Oncol. 2008;25:333-40. DOI:10.1007/s12032-008-9041-7.
  67. Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients. 2017;9:866. DOI:10.3390/nu9080866. PMID: 28805671.
  68. Camillo L, Grossini E, Farruggio S, et al. Alpha-Tocopherol Protects Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Modulating Nitric Oxide Release, Mitochondrial Function, Redox Status, and Inflammation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2022;35:1-12. DOI:10.1159/000517204. PMID: 34237733.
  69. Peus D, Meves A, Pott M, Beyerle A, Pittelkow MR. Vitamin E analog modulates UVB-induced signaling pathway activation and enhances cell survival. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001;30:425-32. DOI:10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00488-3. PMID: 11182298.
  70. Brownlow B, Nagaraj VJ, Nayel A, et al. Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Vitamin E-Enriched Nanoemulsion Vehicles Loaded with Genistein for Chemoprevention Against UVB-Induced Skin Damage. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104:3510-23. DOI:10.1002/jps.24547. PMID: 26108889.
  71. Vural P, Canbaz M, Selcuki D. Plasma antioxidant defense in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1999;13:96-101. PMID: 10568487.
  72. Turan B. Beneficial Effects of Vitamin E Combined with Antioxidants in Cardiovascular System Disorders: Experimental Evidence. Lipophilic Vitamins in Health and Disease: Springer; 2024.p.201-20.
  73. Delinasios GJ, Karbaschi M, Cooke MS, et al. Vitamin E inhibits the UVAI induction of “light” and “dark” cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, and oxidatively generated DNA damage, in keratinocytes. Sci Rep. 2018;8:423. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18924-4. PMID: 29323251.
  74. Natarelli N, Aflatooni S, Stankiewicz K, Correa-Selm L, Sivamani RK. Oral Supplements and Photoprotection: A Systematic Review. J Med Food. 2025;28:519-541. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2024.0023. PMID: 39804624.
  75. Rietjens IM, Boersma MG, Haan L, et al. The pro-oxidant chemistry of the natural antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and flavonoids. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2002;11:321-33. DOI:10.1016/s1382-6689(02)00003-0. PMID: 21782615.
  76. Kaye AD, Thomassen AS, Mashaw SA, et al. Vitamin E (alpha-Tocopherol): Emerging Clinical Role and Adverse Risks of Supplementation in Adults. Cureus. 2025;17:e78679. DOI:10.7759/cureus.78679. PMID: 40065887.
  77. Jang Y, Kim CY. The Role of Vitamin E Isoforms and Metabolites in Cancer Prevention: Mechanistic Insights into Sphingolipid Metabolism Modulation. Nutrients. 2024;16:4115. DOI: 10.3390/nu16234115. PMID: 39683509.
  78. Zhang X, Zhou Q, Qi Y, et al. The effect of tomato and lycopene on clinical characteristics and molecular markers of UV-induced skin deterioration: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:6198-217. DOI:10.1080/10408398.2022.2164557. PMID: 36606553.
  79. Long Y, Paengkoum S, Lu S, et al. Physicochemical properties, mechanism of action of lycopene and its application in poultry and ruminant production. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1364589. DOI:10.3389/fvets.2024.1364589. PMID: 38562916.
  80. Fazekas Z, Gao D, Saladi RN, et al. Protective effects of lycopene against ultraviolet B-induced photodamage. Nutr Cancer. 2003;47:181-7. DOI:10.1207/s15327914nc4702_11. PMID: 15087271.
  81. Wang S, Wu YY, Wang X, et al. Lycopene prevents carcinogen-induced cutaneous tumor by enhancing activation of the Nrf2 pathway through p62-triggered autophagic Keap1 degradation. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12:8167-90. DOI:10.18632/aging.103132. PMID: 32365333.
  82. Rizwan M, Rodriguez-Blanco I, Harbottle A, et al. Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:154-62. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x. PMID: 20854436.
  83. Ma Y, Li C, Su W, Sun Z, et al. Carotenoids in Skin Photoaging: Unveiling Protective Effects, Molecular Insights, and Safety and Bioavailability Frontiers. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025;14:577. DOI:10.3390/antiox14050577. PMID: 40427459.
  84. Moroni M, Pirovano M, Brugnatelli S, et al. Lycopene minimizes skin toxicity and oxidative stress in patients treated with panitumumab-containing therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Functional Foods. 2021;83:104533. DOI:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104533.
  85. Qi WJ, Sheng WS, Peng C, Xiaodong M, Yao TZ. Investigating into anti-cancer potential of lycopene: Molecular targets. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;138:111546. PMID: 34311540. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111546.
  86. Shafe MO, Gumede NM, Nyakudya TT, et al. Lycopene: A Potent Antioxidant with Multiple Health Benefits. J Nutr Metab. 2024;2024:6252426. DOI: 10.1155/2024/6252426. PMID: 38883868.
  87. Huang R, Zhou C, Wang T, et al. Lycopene inhibits doxorubicin-induced heart failure by inhibiting ferroptosis through the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Life Sci. 2025;365:123452. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123452.PMID: 39923835.
  88. Luo Y, Hu J, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Sun J. Oxidative stress products and managements in atopic dermatitis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025;12:1538194. DOI:10.3389/fmed.2025.1538194. PMID: 40417699.
  89. Zhao H, Zhang Y, Cao Y, et al. Lycopene regulates Nrf2 to Ameliorate Sulfamethoxazole -induced renal injury and apoptosis via inhibiting oxidative stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum stress. Aquat Toxicol. 2025;283:107348. DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107348. PMID: 40187298.
  90. Lee ZX, Guo H, Looi AD, et al. Carotenoids Modulate FoxO‐Induced Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Cancer Cell Lines: A Scoping Review. Food Sci Nutr. 2025;13:e70100. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.70100.PMID: 40161411.
  91. Trejo-Solís C, Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Torres-Ramos M, et al. Multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of lycopene in cancer inhibition. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:705121. DOI: 10.1155/2013/705121. PMID: 23970935.
  92. Liu C, Shen J, Niu G, et al. Lycopene Protects Corneal Endothelial Cells from Oxidative Stress by Regulating the P62-Autophagy-Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2025;73:10230-45. DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12371. PMID: 40243144.
  93. Ahn YJ, Kim H. Lutein as a modulator of oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory diseases. Antioxidants. 2021;10:1448. DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091448. PMID: 34573081.
  94. Anbualakan K, Tajul Urus NQ, Makpol S, et al. A scoping review on the effects of carotenoids and flavonoids on skin damage due to ultraviolet radiation. Nutrients. 2022;15:92. DOI: 10.3390/nu15010092. PMID: 36615749.
  95. Žmitek K, Žmitek J, Butina MR, et al. Dietary lutein supplementation protects against ultraviolet-radiation-induced erythema: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Func Foods. 2020;75:104265.
  96. Lee EH, Faulhaber D, Hanson KM, et al. Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122:510-7. DOI:10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22227.x. PMID: 15009738.
  97. Heinen MM, Hughes MC, Ibiebele TI, et al. Intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of skin cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:2707-16. DOI:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.09.005. PMID: 17988857.
  98. Edge R, Truscott TG. Singlet oxygen and free radical reactions of retinoids and carotenoids—a review. Antioxidants. 2018;7:5. DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010005. PMID: 29301252.
  99. Yan Y, Huang H, Su T, et al. Luteolin Mitigates Photoaging Caused by UVA-Induced Fibroblast Senescence by Modulating Oxidative Stress Pathways. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:1809. DOI:10.3390/ijms26051809. PMID: 40076436.
  100. Palombo P, Fabrizi G, Ruocco V, et al. Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;20:199-210. DOI:10.1159/000101807. PMID: 17446716.
  101. Bayram B, Samur FG. Are Carotenoids Like Lutein and Zeaxanthin an Antiglycation Agents? The Potential Cardiometabolic Health Effects and Antiglycation Mechanisms of Action: A Comprehensive Review. Food Rev Int. 2025:1-26. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2025.2482152.
  102. Akkewar AS, Mishra KA, Kamble MG, et al. A mechanistic review on growing multiple therapeutic applications of lutein and its global market research. Phytother Res. 2024;38:3190-217. DOI:10.1002/ptr.8197. PMID: 38634408.
  103. Ganeshbabu M, Manochkumar J, Efferth T, et al. Lutein: A natural defence combating age-related macular degeneration. Phytomedicine. 2025;143:156578. DOI:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156578. PMID: 40446575.
  104. Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, et al. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science. 1997;275:218-20. DOI:10.1126/science.275.5297.218. PMID: 8985016.
  105. Tsai ML, Lai CS, Chang YH, et al. Pterostilbene, a natural analogue of resveratrol, potently inhibits 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. Food Funct. 2012;3:1185-94. DOI:10.1039/c2fo30105a. PMID: 22842666.
  106. Singh M, Suman S, Shukla Y. New enlightenment of skin cancer chemoprevention through phytochemicals: in vitro and in vivo studies and the underlying mechanisms. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:243452. DOI: 10.1155/2014/243452. PMID: 24757666.
  107. Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N. Prevention of short-term ultraviolet B radiation-mediated damages by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003;186:28-37. DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(02)00014-5. PMID: 12583990.
  108. Al Humayed S, Al-Hashem F, Haidara MA, et al. Resveratrol Pretreatment Ameliorates p53-Bax Axis and Augments the Survival Biomarker B-Cell Lymphoma 2 Modulated by Paracetamol Overdose in a Rat Model of Acute Liver Injury. Pharmacology. 2020;105:39-46. DOI:10.1159/000502632. PMID: 31554003.
  109. Howells LM, Berry D, Elliott P, et al. Phase I randomized, double-blind pilot study of micronized resveratrol (SRT501) in patients with hepatic metastases—Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Cancer Prevent Res. 2011;4:1419-25. DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0148. PMID: 21680702.
  110. Hedayati N, Safari MH, Milasi YE, et al. Modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by resveratrol in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunity. Discov Oncol. 2025;16:669. DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-02471-w. PMID: 40323335.
  111. Pateda AZ, Azzahra AA, Sumargo KZ, et al. Effectiveness of resveratrol in inducing adeno-associated virus as a potential definitive therapy for SCN5A mutation in Brugada syndrome: a narrative review. Egypt Heart J. 2025;77:43. DOI: 10.1186/s43044-025-00640-4. PMID: 40338408.
  112. Michalak M. Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:585. DOI:10.3390/ijms23020585. PMID: 35054770.
  113. Nichols JA, Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms. Arch Dermatol Res. 2010;302:71-83. DOI:10.1007/s00403-009-1001-3. PMID: 19898857.
  114. Ratan C, Arian AM, Rajendran R, et al. Nano-based formulations of curcumin: elucidating the potential benefits and future prospects in skin cancer. Biomed Mater. 2023;18:052008. DOI:10.1088/1748-605X/acf0af. PMID: 37582394.
  115. Priya P, Raj RM, Vasanthakumar V, et al. Curcumin-loaded layer-by-layer folic acid and casein coated carboxymethyl cellulose/casein nanogels for treatment of skin cancer. Arabian J Chem. 2020;13:694-708.
  116. Arghidash F, Javid-Naderi MJ, Gheybi F, et al. Exploring the Multifaceted Effects of Silymarin on Melanoma: Focusing on the Role of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2024:105950.
  117. Kalam MA, Ali R, Alhowyan A, et al. Quercetin-loaded transliposomal gel for effective management of skin cancer: In vitro and cell line efficacy studies. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2024;96:105659.
  118. Imran M, Iqubal MK, Imtiyaz K, et al. Topical nanostructured lipid carrier gel of quercetin and resveratrol: Formulation, optimization, in vitro and ex vivo study for the treatment of skin cancer. Int J Pharm. 2020;587:119705. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119705. PMID: 32738456.
  119. Shamim MA, Yeung S, Shahid A, et al. Topical carvedilol delivery prevents UV-induced skin cancer with negligible systemic absorption. Int J Pharm. 2022;611:121302. PMID: 34793935. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121302.
  120. Rasti F, Yousefpoor Y, Abdollahi A, et al. Antioxidative, anticancer, and antibacterial activities of a nanogel containing Mentha spicata L. essential oil and electrospun nanofibers of polycaprolactone-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22:261. DOI:10.1186/s12906-022-03741-8. PMID: 36207726.
  121. Murray JC, Burch JA, Streilein RD, et al. A topical antioxidant solution containing vitamins C and E stabilized by ferulic acid provides protection for human skin against damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:418-25. DOI:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.004. PMID: 18603326.
  122. Salaheldin TA, Adhami VM, Fujioka K, et al. Photochemoprevention of ultraviolet Beam Radiation-induced DNA damage in keratinocytes by topical delivery of nanoformulated Epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Nanomedicine. 2022;44:102580. DOI:10.1016/j.nano.2022.102580. PMID: 35768037.
  123. Wang S, Li Z, Ma Y, et al. Immunomodulatory Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols. Molecules. 2021;26:3755. DOI:10.3390/molecules26123755. PMID: 34203004.
  124. Nawaz A, Ullah S, Alnuwaiser MA, et al. Formulation and Evaluation of Chitosan-Gelatin Thermosensitive Hydrogels Containing 5FU-Alginate Nanoparticles for Skin Delivery. Gels. 2022;8:537. DOI:10.3390/gels8090537. PMID: 36135249.
  125. Hecht F, Zocchi M, Alimohammadi F, et al. Regulation of antioxidants in cancer. Mol Cell. 2024;84:23-33. DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.001. PMID: 38029751.
  126. Powers-James C, Morse M, Narayanan S, et al. Integrative Oncology Approaches to Reduce Recurrence of Disease and Improve Survival. Curr Oncol Rep. 2024;26:147-63. DOI:10.1007/s11912-023-01467-5. PMID: 38180690.
  127. Talib WH, Ahmed Jum AD, Attallah ZS, et al. Role of vitamins A, C, D, E in cancer prevention and therapy: therapeutic potentials and mechanisms of action. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1281879. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2023.1281879. PMID: 38274206.